What country took the lead in exploring a water route to Asia?

Timeline of exploration of Asia by Europeans

This is a chronology of the early on European exploration of Asia.^[1]

First moving ridge of exploration (mainly by state) [edit]

Antiquity [edit]

• 515 BC: Scylax explores the Indus and the sea road across the Indian Sea to Egypt.
• 330 BC: Alexander the Bully conquers parts of Key Asia and parts of northwestern India
• 300 BC: Seleucus Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, forays into northwestern Bharat simply is defeated past Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, and they become allies soon later on.
• 250 – 120 BC: Greco-Bactrian states in parts of Primal Asia and South Asia, including the Fergana Valley (Alexandria Eschate), Transoxiana (Alexandria on the Oxus) and Punjab (Alexandria on the Indus).
• 180 BC – x AD: The Indo-Greek Kingdom was located in areas now function of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-west Bharat.
• 30 BC – 640 AD: With the acquisition of Ptolemaic Egypt, The Romans begin trading with India. The Empire now has a straight connectedness to the Spice trade Egypt had established beginning in 118 BC.
• 100 AD – 166 Ad: Romano-Chinese relations begin. Ptolemy writes of the Golden Chersonese (i.eastward. Malay Peninsula) and the trade port of Kattigara, now identified as Óc Eo in southern Vietnam, then part of Jiaozhou, a province of the Chinese Han Empire. The Chinese historical texts describe Roman embassies, from a state they called Daqin.
• second century: Roman traders reach Siam, Cambodia, Sumatra, and Java.
• 161: An embassy from Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius or his successor Marcus Aurelius reaches Chinese Emperor Huan of Han at Luoyang.
• 226: A Roman diplomat or merchant lands in northern Vietnam and visits Nanjing, Communist china and the court of Sunday Quan, ruler of Eastern Wu

Middle Ages [edit]

Merchandise routes in Eurasia and north Africa c. 870 CE

• ~500–m: The Radhanites were medieval Jewish merchants who dominated trade between the Christian and Islamic worlds during the early Middle Ages and travelled equally far as Tang-dynasty China.
• ~550: Byzantine traveler and author Cosmas Indicopleustes completes his work Christian Topography describing geographical features gleaned from his own travels to Eritrea, Ethiopia, Bharat, and Sri Lanka.
• ~552: 2 Persian monks (or perhaps emissaries bearded equally monks), at the behest of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Justinian I, travel to Mainland china and smuggle silkworms back to the Eastern Roman Empire, thus enabling silk production in Europe and Asia Minor.
• 568: The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) general Zemarchus travels to Samarkand and the courtroom of the Western Turkic Kaganate.
• 639–640: The Muslims subjugate Arab republic of egypt, thus severing most direct Eastern-Roman (and hence European) trade with Bharat and eastern Asia.
• 1160–1173: The Navarrese Jewish Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits Syrian arab republic, Palestine, Baghdad, Persia, and the Arabian Peninsula.
• 1180–1186: Pethahiah of Regensburg goes to Baghdad.
• 13th century: Silk Route trade reaches its meridian during the superlative of the Pax Mongolica, the relative peace in Asia during the widespread unification under the Mongol Empire.
• 1245–1247: The Italian Franciscan Giovanni da Pian del Carpine appointed Papal Legate and accompanied by Stephen of Bohemia, and later by Benedykt Polak, reaches Karakorum in present-twenty-four hours Mongolia. Starting time European embassy to the Great Khan.
• 1245–1248: The Italian Ascelin of Lombardia, Simon of St Quentin and Andrew of Longjumeau go to Armenia and Persia.
• 1249–1251: Andrew of Longjumeau guides a French ambassador to the great Kuyuk Khan. Andrew's brother Guy and several others — John Goderiche, John of Carcassonne, Herbert "Le Sommelier", Gerbert of Sens, Robert (a clerk), a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of Poissy go with him. They accomplish Talas in northwestern Kyrgyzstan.
• ≈1254: The Flemish William of Rubruck reaches Mongolia through Central Asia.
• 1264–≈1269: First expedition of the Italians Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. In 1266 they reach Kublai Khan's seat at Dadu (now known every bit Beijing) in Prc.
• 1271–1295: 2nd trip of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. This time with Marco, Niccolo'south son, who would pass downwardly a colourful business relationship of their experiences. The details of this account are currently debated.
• 1275–1289 & 1289–1328: The Italian John of Montecorvino (1246–1328), a Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founds the earliest Roman Cosmic missions in Bharat and Red china, and becomes archbishop of Peking, and Patriarch of the Orient.
• ≈1318–1329: Travels of the Franciscan friars, the Italian Odoric of Pordenone and James of Ireland via India and the Malay Peninsula to China where they stayed in Dadu (present solar day Beijing) for approximately iii years before returning to Italy overland through Central Asia.
• ~1321–1330/1338(?): The French Dominican missionary Jordanus, made bishop over the whole Indian subcontinent in 1329, wrote down his travels through Bharat and the Middle East in his book Mirabilia.
• 1338–1353: Trek of the Italian Giovanni de' Marignolli, one of four chief envoys sent past Pope Benedict XII to Peking.
• 1401–1402: Travel of Payo Gómez de Sotomayor, first ambassador of Henry Three of Castile to the Timurid Empire.
• 1403–1404: Travel of Ruy González de Clavijo, second ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the Timurid Empire. He passed along the Blackness Ocean coast of Turkey to Trabzon and and then overland through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Islamic republic of iran and Turkmenistan to Uzbekistan. He as well visited Tehran.
• 1420–1436: Travels of the Italian explorer Niccolò de' Conti to India and Southeast Asia.
• 1436-1439: Travels of Pedro Tafur across Middle Eastward.
• 1453: Constantinople falls to the Muslim Ottoman Turks; this marks the stop of Christian rule in the Eastern Mediterranean.
• 1470: Travels of Afanasy Nikitin, the first Russian to visit India.
• 1471–1479: The Italian Venetian diplomats Caterino Zeno, Ambrogio Contarini and Giosafat Barbaro travel to Persia.
• 1487-1491: Portuguese explorer and spy Pêro da Covilhã travels to the Nigh East and Republic of india under the orders of the King of Portugal to get together information necessary for successfully establishing a ocean route between Portugal and Bharat.
• 1557–1572: The English traveler, diplomat and explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels across the Caspian Ocean to Bukhara and Persia.
• ≈1580-1585:The Cossack Yermak Timofeyevich reaches the Siberian Tatar city of Qashliq about the right bank of Irtysh.
• 1583–1591: The English language merchant Ralph Fitch, together with John Newberry and John Eldred, a jeweller named William Leedes and a painter, James Story, travelled via the Levant and Mesopotamia to India and Portuguese Malacca (in modern Malaysia). Eldred stayed in Basra, Iraq; Story joined the Jesuits in Goa; Leedes stayed in Agra to piece of work for Akbar and Newberry decided to begin his return journey. Fitch went past himself to Burma and Malacca (today in Malaysia). He returned to London in 1591.
• 1643: Kurbat Ivanov reaches Lake Baikal.
• 1644: Vasily Poyarkov, travelling overland from Siberia, reaches the mouth of the Amur on the Pacific Ocean.

Second wave of exploration (by sea) [edit]

The ships which were used by Vasco da Gama on his commencement voyage. (Illustration from 1558).

The Cantino planisphere (or Cantino World Map) of 1502 is the primeval surviving map showing Portuguese Discoveries in the east and west.

• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Skillful Hope in S Africa. This was an of import milestone because this immune future sailors like Vasco da Gama to sheet to India and Southeast Asia.
• 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail from Spain in search of a western route to Asia, eventually landing in the Americas. Though unsuccessful in reaching Asia his successes propelled eventual European expansion, including Asia.
• 1497–1499: The Portuguese Vasco da Gama, accompanied past Nicolau Coelho and Bartolomeu Dias, is the first European to achieve Republic of india by an all-body of water route from Europe.
• 1500–1501: Afterwards discovering Brazil, Pedro Álvares Cabral, with the half of an original armada of 13 ships and 1,500 men, accomplished the second Portuguese trip to India. Boats were commanded by Cabral, Bartolomeu Dias, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Aires Gomes da Silva, Vasco de Ataíde, Diogo Dias, Simão de Pina, Luís Pires, Pêro de Ataíde and Nuno Leitão da Cunha.^[2] It is non known which i between Gaspar de Lemos and André Gonçalves, commanded the ship which returned to Portugal with the news of the discovery. Luís Pires returned to Portugal just afterward reaching Greatcoat Verde. Vasco de Ataíde, Bartolomeu Dias, Simão de Pina and Aires Gomes' ships were lost near the Cape of Expert Hope. The ship commanded by Diogo Dias separated and discovered Madagascar. He was then the first to achieve the Red Sea by boat. Nuno Leitão da Cunha, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Pero de Ataíde did the entire trip to India. Amongst other passengers were: Pêro Vaz de Caminha and the Franciscan father, Frei Henrique de Coimbra.
• 1501–?: João da Nova commands the third Portuguese expedition to India. He discovers Rise Island (1501) and Saint Helena (1502) along the way.
• 1502–1503:Second trip of Vasco da Gama to Republic of india.
• 1503–1504: Afonso de Albuquerque establishes the outset Portuguese fort in Kochi, Bharat, during the fifth Portuguese India Armada.
• 1505: Francisco de Almeida is appointed equally the first viceroy of Portuguese Bharat (Estado da Índia). He leaves Lisbon at the command of the 7th Portuguese India Armada, with 22 ships, including 14 carracks and 6 caravels carrying a coiffure of 1,000 and one,500 soldiers. His son, Lourenço de Almeida, explores the southern coast and reaches the modern island of Sri Lanka.
• 1507–1513: In 1507, Afonso de Albuquerque captures the kingdom of Ormus in the Persian Gulf. He is then appointed second viceroy of India in 1508. In 1510 he conquers Goa, soon to become the most flourishing of the Portuguese settlements in India.
• 1511: Albuquerque conquers Malacca discovered by Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509. Malacca becomes a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies. In Nov of that year, later having secured Malacca and learning of the "Spice islands" (Banda Islands) location, in Maluku Albuquerque sent an trek of three vessels led by António de Abreu to detect them. In 1511 Ayutthaya Kingdom (Thailand) received a diplomatic mission from the Portuguese. These were probably the get-go Europeans to visit the land. V years after that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom.
• 1512: Malay pilots guided the Portuguese via Java, the Bottom Sundas and Ambon to Banda, arriving in early 1512.^[3] The kickoff Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the trek remained in Banda for about i calendar month, purchasing nutmeg and mace, and cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade.^[four] D'Abreu sailed through Ambon while his second in command Francisco Serrão went ahead towards Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and concluded up in Ternate.^[five] Francisco Serrão establishes a fort on Ternate Isle.
• 1513: Albuquerque laid siege to Aden in 1513, but was repulsed. He then led a voyage into the Ruddy Sea, the first ever made by a European fleet.
• 1513: Jorge Álvares is the beginning European to state in China at Tamão in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary.
• 1516-17: Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of Christopher Columbus, leads a pocket-size Portuguese trade mission to Canton (Guangzhou), then under the Ming Dynasty.

  

• 1517: The Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade establishes the outset European trade post on the Chinese coast at Tamão in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary so in Canton (Guangzhou).
• 1519–: Leaving Spain with five ships and 270 men in 1519, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan is the get-go to reach Asia from the East. In 1520, he discovers what is now known as the Strait of Magellan. In 1521 he reaches the Marianas and then the island of Homonhon in the Philippines. Some time subsequently, Magellan is killed in what is known as the Battle of Mactan. The rest of the crew sails to Palawan (Philippines), and then to Brunei and Borneo. They then attain Tidore in the Maluku Islands avoiding the Portuguese. Simply one ship, allowable by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returns to Spain in 1522 with 18 men remaining, accomplishing the first Globe circumnavigation in History.
• 1524: Third trip of Vasco da Gama to India.
• 1542: António da Mota is thrown by a storm to the island of Tanegashima, establishing the first European contact with Japan.
• 1549: Saint Francis Xavier arrives in Japan accompanied by Father Cosme de Torrès, Brother Juan Fernández, the Japanese Anjiro, two baptized Japanese named Antonio and Joane, a Chinese named Manuel, and an Indian named Amador. The captain of the send is named Avan aka "The Pirate".
• 1556: The Dominican Gaspar da Cruz is the outset modernistic missionary to go in China. He traveled to Guangzhou in 1556 and wrote the first consummate book on China and the Ming Dynasty that was published in Europe; it included information on its geography, provinces, royalty, official course, bureaucracy, shipping, compages, farming, adroitness, merchant affairs, habiliment, religious and social customs, music and instruments, writing, didactics, and justice. (See also Jesuit China missions)

Left panels 1-3

Right panels iv-six

• 1582: The Italian Jesuit priest and missionary Matteo Ricci reaches the Portuguese settlement of Macau in Ming China and in 1601 becomes the first European to be invited into the Ming purple palace of the Forbidden City in Beijing, at the behest of the Wanli Emperor who sought his services at court, particularly for his expertise in astronomy. In 1602 Ricci and his Chinese translator Li Zhizao would co-publish the first earth map in Chinese, the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu which profoundly expanded both Chinese and Japanese cognition of global geography.
• 1595: The Dutchman Jan Huyghen van Linschoten published his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten ("Travel Accounts of Portuguese Navigation in the Orient") which was translated into English language and German language in 1598. Information technology gave admission to undercover Portuguese data, including the nautical maps which had been well guarded for over a century. The book thus bankrupt the Portuguese monopoly on the sea trade with Asia.

Other noteworthy Europeans [edit]

• 1579–1619: Thomas Stephens, a Jesuit, was probably the first Englishman to set human foot in India where he died in 1619.
• 1599–1614: John Mildenhall, with Richard Newman, reach Agra, India, overland in 1614.
• 1600–1610: William Adams'south boat arrives in Japan where he spends the side by side ten years as counselor to the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• 1602–1607: Bento de Góis, starting time European to travel overland from India to Cathay.
• 160?–1611: Robert Coverte comes dorsum from Republic of india by foot after his send runs ashore near Surat.
• 1612–1617: Thomas Coryat travels past foot to India.
• 1615–1618: Thomas Roe is ambassador to the court at Agra, India of the Great Mogul, Jahangir.
• 1624: António de Andrade, first European to accomplish Tibet.
• 1626–1627: Estêvão Cacella with João Cabral are the first Europeans to reach Kingdom of bhutan.
• 1631–1668: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier travels six times to Asia, mostly in Persia, India and Java.
• 1656–1669: François Bernier travels to Egypt, Saudi Arabia so spend viii years at the courtroom of the mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
• 1664–1680: Jean Chardin travels 2 times to Persia (as well as its dependencies in the Caucasus such every bit Georgia) and Republic of india.
• 1675–1678: The moldavian boyar Nicolae Milescu travels to China.

Noteworthy others [edit]

• ~118 BCE: Eudoxus of Cyzicus was a Greek navigator from the Asian-Greek urban center of Cyzicus who explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy 8, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Arab republic of egypt.
• 522–550: Cosmas Indicopleustes (lit. "who sailed to India") of Alexandria was a Greek merchant, and later monk, who made several voyages to India during the reign of emperor Justinian. His Topografia Christiana independent some of the earliest and most famous globe maps.
• 1154: Although not known for his travels, Muhammad al-Idrisi was most of import for the exploration of Asia for Europeans when he made the Tabula Rogeriana, a map of the whole known world, in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, based on his knowledge of the Arab merchandise routes.
• 1247 & 1254: Hetoum I, king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and ally of the Frankish crusader states, visits the Mongol court in Karakoram in 1254 after first sending his brother Sempad in 1247.
• 1275–1288: Rabban Bar Sauma and Markos, the Turkic/Chinese Nestorian monks, traveled to the Middle East and Europe. The Rabban Bar Sauma met with many of the European monarchs, likewise as the Pope, in attempts to conform a Franco-Mongol alliance.
• 1325–1355: Travels of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveller from Kingdom of morocco, beyond much of the Old World. His Travels would exist influential with Europeans starting in the 19th century.

Encounter also [edit]

• Silk Road
• List of explorers
• Listing of Russian explorers
• European exploration of Arabia
• Timeline of European exploration
• Ancient Hellenic republic–Ancient India relations

References [edit]

1. ^ Ancient SILK Route TRAVELERS
2. ^ Vera Lucia Bottrel Tostes, Bravos homens de outrora Archived 2007-01-07 at the Wayback Motorcar, Camoes - Revista de Latras e Culturas Lusofonas, no. 8, January - March 2000
3. ^ Hannard (1991), page 7; Milton, Giles (1999). Nathaniel's Nutmeg. London: Sceptre. pp. five and seven. ISBN978-0-340-69676-7.
4. ^ Hannard (1991), page 7
5. ^ Ricklefs, K. C. (1993). A History of Modern Republic of indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN0-333-57689-6.

hooverhoul1980.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia

Share this post